| Had Xenophon been in the area of Calah and
Nineveh in more favourable circumstances, he might have learnt the identity
of these ruins from local inhabitants. The destruction of the Assyrian
empire did not wipe out its population. They were predominantly peasant
farmers, and since Assyria contains some of the best wheat land in the
Near East, descendants of the Assyrian peasants would, as opportunity
permitted, build new villages over the old cities and carryon with agricultural
life, remembering traditions of the former cities. After seven or eight
centuries and various vicissitudes, these people became Christians. These
Christians, and the Jewish communities scattered amongst them, not only
kept alive the memory of the sites of their Assyrian predecessors but
also combined them with traditions from the Bible. The Bible, indeed,
came to be a powerful factor in keeping alive the memory of Assyria and
particularly of Nineveh. Nineveh was at the centre of one of the most
fascinating of the Old Testament legends, the story of the prophet Jonah
who attempted in vain to escape the God-given duty of preaching to the
great pagan capital. On part of the ruins of Nineveh there was a sacred
mound, and this - probably originally an Assyrian temple - Christians
and Jews came to identify with the spot where Jonah preached. A
church was built on the site. When the Muslims conquered Mesopotamia in
the seventh century A.D., they adopted the local traditions of the Christians
and Jews amongst whom they lived, and Jonah (Yunus) became significant
to Muslims no less than to Jews and Christians. A mosque replaced the
church but retained - and retains to this day - the association with Jonah.
The tenth-century Muslim geographer AI-Muqaddasi, describing the Mosul
district, wrote: 'Here God forgave the people of Jonah. Does (the district)
not contain the mosque of Jonah, at Tell Taubah [Repentance Hill], to
which seven visits are said to be equal to a pilgrimage?' Another
Muslim visitor to Mosul in the same century, Ibn Hawqal, spoke of the
fertile land at Ninaway [Nineveh], where the prophet Jonah was buried. |